Oncology - Latest articles
Results 181 to 210 of 344:
Long-term good-quality survival in a young man with metastatic pancreatic cancer pretreated with gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel regimen achieved with nal-IRI + 5-FU/LV combination therapyCase report
Petra Klimčíková
Onkologie. 2024:18(1):68-73 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.014 
Pancreatic cancer is a disease with high mortality rates, often detected at late stage. Surgical resection is the only curative treatment, and the outcomes are improved by adjuvant chemotherapy. In patients with an advanced finding, the FOLFIRINOX regimen or the doublet gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel are recommended in the first-line of palliative treatment; in the second-line, following the gemcitabine-based treatment, nal-IRI (pegylated liposomal irinotecan) + 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) + leucovorin (LV), or the regimen with 5-FU are recommended; and following the therapy with 5-FU, gemcitabine in monotherapy or in combination. New results presented at...
Androgen deprivation therapy and antagonist relugolix in practiceReview articles
Samuel Vokurka
Onkologie. 2024:18(1):63-67 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.013
Androgen deprivation therapy with gonadoliberin analogues are an essential element of treatment in indicated cases of prostate cancer. Agonists are more often used, but in the beginning, antiandrogen therapy is necessary to suppress the flare phenomenon, and the decrease in testosterone levels is later. The antagonists have a rapid onset of testosterone level decrease, there appears to be a reduced risk of cardiovascular complications, and p.o. relugolix is not burdened with pain and reactions at the site of s.c. injection like is in degarelix. Attention should be paid to risky drug interactions.
Dostarlimab in the 1st line treatment of metastatic and recurrent endometrial cancerReview articles
Igor Sirák
Onkologie. 2024:18(1):59-62 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.012
Metastatic endometrial cancer still represents a major medical and social problem, and patients and their doctors have so far faced a very unfavorable prognosis of the disease and little chance of inducing long-term remission. For many decades, palliative treatment was based mainly on chemotherapy or hormone therapy, and research into targeted therapy or modern cytostatic therapy did not yield satisfactory results. Thanks to better molecular-genetic knowledge, we can better categorize endometrial tumors and better predict the treatment response to chemotherapy and especially to the increasingly rapidly developing immunotherapy targeting the PD-1 receptor...
Definitive proton chemoradiotherapy in cervical esophageal tumors - a preliminary analysis resultsReview articles
Pavel Vítek, Jiří Kubeš, Kateřina Jiránková, Vladimír Vondráček
Onkologie. 2024:18(1):53-58 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.011
Cancer of cervical esophagus belongs to rare diseases. Its standard treatment includes definitive chemoradiotherapy without subsequent surgery. There are several controversies concerning chemoradiotherapy, the most substantial of them being uncertain effective dose and uncertain benefit of dose escalation. The doses exceeding 60 Gy in 30 fractions are frequently administered. A benefit of proton radiotherapy (PRT) is predicted by favorable dose distribution. The results of PRT administered in PTC Prague have been assessed in 29 patients who have been irradiated up to 70 Gy (equivalent) in 35 fractions using pencil beam scanning technique with concomitant...
Cholangiocellular carcinoma - treatment optionsReview articles
Marián Liberko, Renata Soumarová
Onkologie. 2024:18(1):48-52 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.010
Cholangiocellular carcinoma represents major medical issue owing to its high mortality rate, despite not being frequent malignancy. Patients diagnosed at early stages are treated with postoperative treatment after surgery with the aim to decrease rate of locoregionanal or distant relapse. Nevertheless, majority of patients are diagnosed in locoregionaly advanced and/or metastatic stage. These patients are treated with systemic treatment. After years of stagnation there is proven survival benefit with the use of immunotherapy. Moreover, due to our better understanding of molecular biology of disease, we are able to better tailor treatment based on presence...
Surgical treatment of endometrial cancerMain topic
Dominik Karásek, Munachiso Ndukwe, Ivan Práznovec, Jiří Špaček, Denisa Pohanková, Igor Sirák
Onkologie. 2024:18(1):43-47 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.009
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy in resource-abundant countries. Prevalence grows with age and it is more frequent among obese women. It tends to have relatively low mortality, because of its early presentation and diagnosis in early stages of disease, when it is confined to the uterus. In the last decade, we can observe a decline in the open abdominal surgical approach and a rise and dominance of minimally invasive approaches to surgical staging, those combined with lymph nodes evaluation provide an alternative to previous surgical management with no compromise to the onco-gynecological outcomes. Recently, a new surgical...
Changes in approach to locoregional treatment of early breast cancerMain topic
Iveta Kolářová, Jaroslav Vaňásek, Igor Sirák, Kateřina Horáčková, Denisa Pohanková
Onkologie. 2024:18(1):39-42 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.008
Choosing the optimal therapeutic strategy in patients with breast cancer is a challenging task. The disease comprises a number of subtypes having distinct biological characteristics and variable prognosis, and can occur in elderly women in whom standard therapeutic approaches may result in significant deterioration in their quality of life with no survival benefit. Numerous studies have shown various options for reducing the burden of surgery and radiotherapy not only for the group of patients at early stages of breast cancer. De-escalation of radiotherapy involves omitting radiation in selected patients, shortening the duration of treatment by...
HER-2 low breast cancerMain topic
Adam Paulík
Onkologie. 2024:18(1):32-38 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.007
HER-2 low breast cancer is newly established term of completely heterogeneous subgroup of breast cancer sharing one common phenotype which is low to moderate expression of HER-2 protein and not meeting criteria for HER-2 positivity. The specific attribute of this subgroup is high responsiveness to antibody-drug conjugates (ADC´s) that can cause bystander killing effect (ADC´s of the 3rd generation - especially T-DXd) in comparison to older ADC´s lacking this disposition (T-DM1) and to monoclonal antibodies (trastuzumab, pertuzumab, margetuximab) with almost zero efficacy due to the absence of oncogenic HER-2 signalling in HER-2 low tumours....
Systemic treatment of ovarian cancerMain topic
Mária Hanišová, Munachiso Ndukwe
Onkologie. 2024:18(1):25-31 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.006
The most common subtype of ovarian cancer is high grade epithelial serous carcinoma. For several decades, the standard of care has been optimal cytoreductive surgery in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy. Due to the fact that roughly 70% of patients relapse in the first 3 years after induction chemotherapy, strategies are being sought to extend the time until further progression of the disease. Maintenance therapy with targeted drugs (PARP inhibitors and antiangiogenesis inhibitors) is an effective option that makes it possible to extend the time until the disease progresses, it also improves the overall survival and helps to delay the toxicity...
Treatment of metastatic endometrial carcinomaMain topic
Veronika Novotná, Denisa Pohanková
Onkologie. 2024:18(1):22-24 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.005
Malignant tumors of the uterine body are the most common gynecological malignancy in developed countries. In advanced stages, approximately 10-15 % of patients are diagnosed. The treatment of metastatic endometrial carcinoma has advanced in recent years, thanks in part to the diverse molecular profile of the disease. In addition to surgical and radiotherapeutic approaches, not only cytotoxic chemotherapy but also immunotherapy, hormonal therapy, and targeted treatment are available. This article provides an overview of the currently used treatments for this condition in the Czech Republic.
News in the systemic treatment of endometrial cancerMain topic
Denisa Pohanková, Veronika Novotná, Munachiso Ndukwe
Onkologie. 2024:18(1):18-21 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.004
Endometrial tumours (EC) are a disease with an increasing incidence. Currently they are the sixth most common cancer in women worldwide. EC include several histological subtypes with different prognoses. Currently, the molecular classification of the tumour is gaining importance, which can significantly influence the planned treatment procedure and leads to the possibility of using precisely targeted individualized treatment for each patient.
Non-surgical treatment of cervical cancerMain topic
Igor Sirák, Denisa Pohanková, Miroslav Hodek, Munachiso Ndukwe, Ivan Práznovec
Onkologie. 2024:18(1):13-17 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.003
Cervical cancer remains a significant social and medical problem in the Czech Republic despite a decrease in incidence and effective prevention measures. Every year, over 700 cases of malignant cervix disease are diagnosed in the country, and about 300 patients die from the disease. However, interdisciplinary cooperation, the expertise of individual healthcare professionals (such as doctors, nurses, medical physicists, and assistants), modern equipment, and the availability of innovative drugs have contributed to an improving prognosis for patients. This review article highlights the current procedures and recommendations for non-surgical treatment...
Surgical management of ovarian cancerMain topic
Munachiso Ndukwe, Ivan Práznovec, Martin Štěpán, Klára Kolářová, Denisa Pohanková, Jiří Špaček
Onkologie. 2024:18(1):10-12 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.002
Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous group of diseases with an overall poor prognosis, whose treatment is necessary to manage well keeping in mind the quality of life and overall survival of the patient. Preoperative diagnosis and treatment in a multidisciplinary setting play an important role in setting the optimal treatment strategy. Surgical treatment in the early stages of ovarian cancer has a curative and staging purpose while in advanced stages it has primarily a goal of optimal resection of macroscopic tumors. Surgical treatment of ovarian cancer should be performed by experienced gynecological oncologists in centers with expertise. The discussion...
Surgical treatment of malignant neoplasms cervixMain topic
Ivan Práznovec, Munachiso Ndukwe, Petr Halada, Dominik Karásek, Denisa Pohanková, Jiří Špaček
Onkologie. 2024:18(1):7-9 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.001
Surgical treatment of cervical cancer has undergone many changes over the last decades. Through simple operations and subsequent surgical radicality to the gradual transformation to personalized medicine. In this article, we try to retrospectively evaluate the development of surgical treatment of malignant neoplasms of the cervix from the beginnings of surgery to the present.
SYNDROM OBSTRUKCE SINUSOID/VENOOKLUZIVNÍ NEMOC JATER
MUDr. Jan Vydra, Ph.D., MUDr. Milan Navrátil
Onkologie. 2023:17(Suppl.B)
Imunoterapie vstoupila do 1. linie léčby zhoubných nádorů jícnu, gastroezofageální junkce a žaludkuSupplementum
Ondřej Kubeček, Peter Grell
Onkologie. 2023:17(Suppl.A)
Genetické nádorové predispoziční syndromyEditorial
MUDr. Viera Bajčiová, CSc.
Onkologie. 2023:17(5):299
Management of adverse reactions during treatment of anal cancerCase report
Alžběta Hlodáková, Ondřej Kubeček, Jindřich Kopecký
Onkologie. 2023:17(5):373-378 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2023.070
Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus is a rare gastrointestinal tract disease. Due to the early presence of symptoms, which include bleeding, soreness and a feeling of resistance in the anus, this disease is usually diagnosed in its initial stages. The standard treatment consists of a multimodal approach combining radiotherapy and 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy with mitomycin or cisplatin. The prognosis is very favorable for most patients with the disease localized only to the anus, yet there are some risks associated with the treatment. This case report describes the management of a wide range of complications, including 5-fluorouracil-associated...
Metastatic extragonadal choriocarcinoma associated with life - threatening complications in a young patient: a disease remission as a result of an intensive treatmentCase report
Martin Gryc, Michal Eid, Štěpán Tuček
Onkologie. 2023:17(5):369-372 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2023.069
Extragonadal germ cell tumors are uncommon but often agressive diseases, which require rapid diagnostics and intensive treatment. This group includes also extragonadal choriocarcinoma, known especially in women in pregnancy, but it may occur also in men. We report a case of a young patient with "high-volume" metastatic extragonadal choriocarcinoma. His disease is in remission after an intensive treatment despite live threatening complications.
Hidradenitis suppurativa: a diagnostic dilemma in the oncologist's officeReview articles
Barbara Ivanková, Zuzana Baranová, Tomáš Kampe, Janette Baloghová
Onkologie. 2023:17(5):363-368 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2023.068
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory skin disease characterized by follicular inflammation and occlusion as well as the formation of painful nodules, abscesses, and suppurative fistulas, with a predilection for intertriginous areas. In women, the breast area and submammary space are often affected, with the intermammary area being a rare phenotype of presentation of the disease. HS has a significant impact on the quality of life of patients; therefore, timely establishment of the correct diagnosis and initiation of treatment are crucial to substantially improve the course and prognosis of the disease, as well as...
Cardiovascular side effects of signaling pathway inhibitors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia therapyReview articles
Peter Turcsányi, Eva Kriegová, Tomáš Papajík
Onkologie. 2023:17(5):357-362 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2023.067
Treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is becoming more targeted and effective due to signaling pathway inhibitors. Although many patients achieve excellent treatment responses, targeting the malignant cell is not absolute and a variety of side effects are encountered. With the introduction of the first-generation Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKi), there has been increasing concern about the risk of cardiovascular (CV) side effects, including atrial fibrillation (AF), hypertension (HTN) and heart failure. With second and third generation BTKi, CV risks are lower, but data are limited by shorter observation. It has been shown that...
Adjuvant treatment for colorectal cancerReview articles
Marián Liberko, Renata Soumarová
Onkologie. 2023:17(5):353-356 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2023.066
Adjuvant treatment aims to decrease risk of recurrence and prolong overal survival across malignancies. In stage II colorectal cancer patients, it is important to discuss option for adjuvant treatment with patient, because of limited benefit in general population. On the other hand, adjuvant treatment is long-term standard for patients with stage III disease. In the last few years, there is a trend to individualize treatment based on presence of risk factors. Review summarize up-to-date guidelines for adjuvant treatment in stage II and III colorectal cancer patients.
Opioid treatment of cancer patients in 2023Review articles
Michal Kouba
Onkologie. 2023:17(5):346-352 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2023.065
Opioids are the mainstay of treatment for moderate (4-7/10 on a numerical scale) and severe (above 7/10) cancer-related pain. In most patients, they rapidly lead to noticeable and satisfactory relief; however, in a proportion of patients, a thorough search for the optimal regimen is required. As for the doctor, knowledge of this particular drug class, experience, patience, and communicative skills are all required. Based on the current literature, the review article describes the perception of opioid treatment by both professionals and lay people and summarizes ethical considerations. In addition to an overview of available opioids and their antagonists,...
Lonsurf plus bevacizumab: A new standard in the third-line treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinomaReview articles
Tomáš Svoboda
Onkologie. 2023:17(5):342-345 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2023.064
Some patients still in a good performance status are able to undergo more lines of systemic treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. Chemotherapy regimens based on fluoropyrimidine in combination with oxaliplatin or irinotecan (in highest risk group with both of them) and targeted treatment of antiangiogenic or antiEGFR drugs according to the RAS a BRAF status are long-term the choice of first and second line treatment reflected in all international and our guideline reccommendations. Multikinase inhibitor regorafenib, fluoropyrimidine or in selected population antiEGFR monotherapy can be used in the next third line of treatment today. However,...
Trends in the treatment of metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancerReview articles
Markéta Dvořáková, Tomáš Büchler
Onkologie. 2023:17(5):335-341 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2023.063
There has been significant progress in recent years in the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC). While for patients with less extensive or less aggressive disease, a combination of androgen deprivation (ADT) and hormonal agents aimed at inhibiting androgen receptor signaling (ARTA) is recommended, for patients in good overall condition with high-volume disease and especially synchronous metastases, the new standard of treatment is intensified initial therapy using a triplet of ADT+ARTA+docetaxel.
Current treatment options for BRAF V600E mutant metastatic colorectal cancerReview articles
Marián Liberko, Renata Soumarová
Onkologie. 2023:17(5):329-334 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2023.062
Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is a heterogenous disease, in which prognosis of patients depends largely on presence/absence of specific prognostic and predictive markers. BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B) V600E mCRC, relatively small subgroup of mCRC, is characterised by high biological aggressiveness and short term survival when compared to other subtypes of mCRC. Review provides an overview about biology of this subtype, treatment options and recent advancements in targeted therapy.
Fixed duration therapy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemiaReview articles
Daniel Lysák
Onkologie. 2023:17(5):323-328 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2023.061
The availability of targeted molecules such as anti-apoptotic bcl-2 protein (BCL2i) or Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTKi) inhibitors has revolutionized the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of these molecules in the treatment of both newly diagnosed and relapsing/refractory disease. A number of treatment regimens are available that are based on either continuous long-term BTKi monotherapy or fixed duration treatment combining venetoclax with another drug. Some of the advantages offered by the fixed duration therapy are discussed in the context of deciding on the appropriate therapy...
Hepatoblastoma in three siblings associated with familial adenomatous polyposisMain topic
Viera Bajčiová
Onkologie. 2023:17(5):319-322 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2023.060
Hepatoblastoma is the most common primary tumour of the liver in children. Genetic predisposition may be one of the causative factors. Approximately 14 % of hepatoblastomas occur as a result of familial adenomatous polyposis. We describe a case report of a family with a genetic predisposition - three out of four children tested positive for FAP, and the three children developed hepatoblastoma at a very early age. The presented family supports genetic screening of children from a FAP-positive family at the age of 6 months to 1 year with subsequent surveillance.
Tinnitus - an initial symptom of synchronous occurence of paraganglioma and renal cell carcinoma in a germline mutation of the SDHB gene (PGL4 snydrome)Main topic
Martin Štěrba, Viera Bajčiová
Onkologie. 2023:17(5):316-318 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2023.059
Tinnitus is described as an unpleasant auditory sensation without an external source, it is a symptom, not a clinical diagnosis. It is a relatively common symptom and it is reported that up to 10% of the world's population suffers from chronic tinnitus, in the Czech Republic about 700,000 patients are complaining of tinnitus. The causes of tinnitus include mechanical damage to the hearing system, infections, neurological, metabolic and psychiatric diseases, hypertension and many others. Etiology of hypertension is especially in children mainly secondary and it is necessary to search for its underlying cause. One of them may be a secretory active tumour...
Risks of hemato-oncological diseases in Noonan syndromeMain topic
Terézia Tureková, Danica Zapletalová, Hana Bernatíková, Martin Baláž, Klára Drábová
Onkologie. 2023:17(5):312-315 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2023.058
Noonan syndrome is a common hereditary condition with a heterogeneous genetic background and great variability in clinical manifestations. In addition to various birth defects and abnormalities, the affected patients have also an increased risk of developing a malignant disease in childhood. In the following case reports, we present two typical hemato-oncological diagnoses associated with Noonan syndrome - transient myeloproliferative disorder and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Differences in the case history, diagnostic process and the course of treatment led us to search for the genetic basis of the difficulties with the subsequent confirmation of...