Oncology - Latest articles
Results 151 to 180 of 344:
Pembrolizumab in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer with renal metastasesCase report
Simona Marušáková
Onkologie. 2024:18(3):220-222 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.042 
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has shown a decline in incidence and mortality in the Czech Republic. However, over half of new cases are still diagnosed at the stage four. The renal parenchyma is rare metastatic site. Renal metastases are often asymptomatic and typically an incidental finding on imaging studies. This case report focuses on a patient with NSCLC and renal metastases treated with pembrolizumab. The efficacy of pembrolizumab has been confirmed in the KEYNOTE-024 trial in patients with NSCLC and high PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) expression. Pembrolizumab has been available for this indication in the Czech Republic since 2019. This...
Individualised therapy for patient with prostatic cancerCase report
Adam Lukáč
Onkologie. 2024:18(3):216-218 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.041
The age of precision and personalized oncology is now, but application of new therapeutic possibilities and new pharmaceuticals brings new challenges. In most cases, patients with malignant tumors are of older age with chronic diseases, which complicate usage of new pharmaceuticals or their combination. In this clinical case, we would like to present treatment challenges on a patient with hepatic transplantation, who was diagnosed with prostate carcinoma.
Combination therapy in advanced primary metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancerCase report
Dominika Kryštofová
Onkologie. 2024:18(3):213-215 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.040
The treatment for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer has undergone numerous changes in recent years, thus offering patients a number of new options. In 2022, two randomized phase III trials, PEACE-1 and ARASENS, demonstrated the efficacy of early intensification therapy wherein the triplet combination therapy of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), ARTA (abiraterone - PEACE-1, darolutamide - ARASENS), and docetaxel showed improved overall survival (OS) compared with double therapy (androgen deprivation therapy + docetaxel). The present case report demonstrates a successful use of triplet therapy in a patient with advanced primary metastatic...
Current treatment options of HER2+ metastatic colorectal carcinomaReview articles
Marián Liberko, Renata Soumarová
Onkologie. 2024:18(3):208-212 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.039
Metastatic colorectal cancer is currently still an incurable disease. However, thanks to advances in systemic therapy, the median survival of patients is increasing. The prolongation of overall survival is due to more personalized therapy according to the absence/presence of molecular alterations. One of these relatively newly investigated alterations and a novel target for therapy is HER2-positive metastatic colorectal cancer. The aim of this article is to provide a brief overview of current therapeutic options for this specific subset of metastatic disease.
mRNA vaccines in the treatment of melanomaReview articles
Linda Řandová, Ondřej Kodet
Onkologie. 2024:18(3):204-207 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.038
Immunotherapy is the crucial essential treatment of metastatic melanoma and melanoma adjuvant therapy. Despite lower treatment responses, its ability to induce a long-term therapeutic response is preferred over targeted therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors. One of the reasons for the failure of immunotherapy is insufficient immune system stimulation by tumour-specific antigens. mRNA vaccines bring new possibilities for more effective immune system stimulation and induction of a specific antitumor immune response. The most fundamental is the KEYNOTE-942 study, which compares the effect of a 20-antigen mRNA vaccine and pembrolizumab in completely resected...
Brigatinib in ALK positive NSCLC - BRIGHTSTAR and ALTA-1L clinical trialsReview articles
Daniel Krejčí
Onkologie. 2024:18(3):201-203 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.037
ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ALK TKIs) have become standard of care in patients with advanced or metastatic ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). There are three generations of ALK TKIs available - crizotinib, alectinib, brigatinib, lorlatinib. Intensification of targeted treatment effect by adding radiotherapy is still the subject of research especially with regard to the risk of toxicity. The BRIGHTSTAR study investigated the potential for local consolidation treatment in patients with ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who responded to treatment with brigatinib. The results supported the potential of consolidation therapy....
Current therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ocular melanomaReview articles
Jindřich Kopecký, Ondřej Kubeček, Peter Priester, Iva Priester, Alžběta Hlodáková
Onkologie. 2024:18(3):193-200 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.036
Ocular melanoma is a rare type of cancer. It usually arises in the uveal tract. Owing to a lack of warning symptoms, it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage with a substantial risk of metastatic spread. Approximately half of the patients develop metastases during the course of their disease, with the liver being the main site for metastasis. The survival rate for metastatic ocular melanoma remains poor, ranging between 6 and 12 months. The following article summarizes the knowledge of the ocular melanoma pathogenesis and provides a basic overview of the therapeutic options for both localised and metastatic disease and suggests potential targets...
Asciminib in treating chronic myeloid leukaemiaReview articles
Petra Bělohlávková
Onkologie. 2024:18(3):190-192 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.035
Four tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), imatinib, dasatinib, bosutinib, and nilotinib, have been approved for the first-line treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia in chronic phase (CML-CP). Clinical trials with second-generation TKIs demonstrated significantly deeper and faster therapeutic responses, but there was no impact on prolonging survival, probably due to the availability of effective treatments for resistant patients. In the second or third line of treatment of CML-CP, the choice of TKIs depends on the cause of treatment failure (resistance or intolerance to the drug), patient comorbidities, and individual therapeutic goals. Asciminib is...
Adjuvant therapy for renal cancer - update of KEYNOTE-564Main topic
Tomáš Büchler
Onkologie. 2024:18(3):184-189 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.034
Approximately 25% of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) relapse after radical removal of the tumour. After several decades of unsuccessful clinical trials, significant progress has been achieved recently and a new standard of adjuvant treatment for patients with RCC and a higher risk of recurrence has been established. The randomized, double-blind KEYNOTE-564 trial demonstrated that pembrolizumab administered for 1 year after surgery significantly improved both recurrence-free and overall survival. The treatment is fully reimbursed and is the new standard in RCC therapy.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy for prostate cancerMain topic
Pavel Krupa
Onkologie. 2024:18(3):180-183 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.033
Stereotactic radiotherapy of prostate cancer is a new technique for the treatment of this disease. It is used as an alternative to commonly used fractionation schemes in curative indications when irradiating the entire prostate and part of the seminal vesicles and in palliative cases when irradiating distant pathways. It is particularly useful in the treatment of oligometastatic disease.
Olaparib for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancerMain topic
Otakar Čapoun
Onkologie. 2024:18(3):174-179 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.032
About a quarter of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) have a mutation in one of the genes involved in DNA repair through homologous recombination. The protein group poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) can be blocked using so-called PARP inhibitors and DNA repair will not be done. The first PARP inhibitor approved for the treatment of mCRPC progressing after treatment with abiraterone or enzalutamide is olaparib. In addition, in combination with abiraterone, we can use it already in the first line, when mCRPC progresses on standard hormonal treatment.
Apalutamid in the first line of complex oncological therapy of a patient with hormone-sensitive prostate cancerMain topic
Lucia Tomková
Onkologie. 2024:18(3):171-173 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.031
In our case report we want to demonstrate a complex therapy of a patient with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) with initially symptomatic visceral metastases of lungs. Patient profits from doublet combination (androgen deprivation therapy + apalutamid) with good quality of life.
Approach to treatment of visceral metastases in metastatic prostate cancerMain topic
Jana Katolická
Onkologie. 2024:18(3):167-170 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.030
Combined treatment of metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer and sequential treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer significantly prolonged the survival of men with this disease. Patients with visceral metastases invariably have a worse prognosis than patients with bone-only metastase. Patients with liver metastases typically have the worst survival outcomes compared to those with bone metastases or other sites of visceral metastases.
Moderní terapeutické přístupy v hematoonkologiiEditorial
MUDr. Martin Špaček, Ph.D.
Onkologie. 2024:18(2):87
Brief history of ovarian cancer treatmentFrom the history of medicine
Monika Náležinská, Renata Kalábová, Josef Chovanec
Onkologie. 2024:18(2):152-158 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.029
In this article we present an overview of available facts about the treatment of ovarian cancer in the territory of the current Czech Republic. We used data stored in paper form in the mother institute of the authors as well as data from the internet database Medvic. We present a brief history of all known therapeutical modes in ovarian cancer treatment: cytoreductive surgery, radiotherapy, systemic chemotherapy, immunotherapy, target therapy.
Coping strategies in older adults with cancer - implications for nursing careFor nurses
Olga Klepáčková, Jana Gabrielová, Martina Černá
Onkologie. 2024:18(2):149-151 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.028
Older adults with cancer represent a large non-homogeneous group of patients with specific characteristics that also relate to their coping with stress and challenging life situations. These coping strategies are affected not only by the type of disease, overall difficulty of treatment, and prognosis but also by biopsychosocial factors typically associated with old age, personality characteristics, and previous life experiences. Strategies for managing the stress of older adults with cancer represent an effect that, by its impact, interferes with all areas of complex care, including nursing. Its reflection can contribute to more effective management...
Atypical intradermal smooth muscle tumor (cutaneous leiomyosarcoma): a case reportCase report
Vladimír Bartoš
Onkologie. 2024:18(2):145-148 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.027
Introduction: Atypical intradermal smooth muscle tumor, also called cutaneous leiomyosarcoma, represents a very rare oncodermatological entity. Due to indolent clinical behaviour it is classified as a tumor of uncertain malignant potential. Case report: A 63year old man presented with a papular skin tumor arising on the extensor size of the upper part of his left arm. The patient claimed that the lesion had been growing for several years. The tumor was completely removed by surgical excision. Histology revealed an intradermal nodule composed of a solid neoplastic smooth muscle population that exhibits focal nuclear atypia, slightly increased...
Hypophosphatemia - an overlooked electrolyteCase report
Ondřej Lukáč
Onkologie. 2024:18(2):142-144 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.026
Phosphorus is one of the so-called macronutrients and is found in all living cells. Phosphate is often overlooked during electrolyte testing and is more likely to be examined in suspected cases of Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), where it is typically elevated. However, hypophosphatemia is often underestimated. Yet phosphate plays an important role in the body in energy production (in the form of ATP - adenosine triphosphate), bone building and also has a role in regulating the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen as 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. With the following case report, I would like to highlight the importance of measuring phosphatemia and the benefit...
Adverse effects of radiotherapy and radiobiological modellingReview articles
Zdeňka Pechačová, Radka Lohynská, Tomáš Kořínek, Tereza Drbohlavová, Miloslav Pála
Onkologie. 2024:18(2):137-141 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.025
Radiotherapy is one of the most effective modalities of cancer treatment, however its application is associated with the risk of adverse effects. When planning radiation treatment, it is essential to spare the surrounding healthy tissues as much as possible to ensure an acceptable risk of toxicity and to maintain a good quality of life for patients. Radiation side effects result from diverse pathophysiological mechanisms and their severity is modulated by a variety of biological and clinical factors, as well as the applied dose, the size of the irradiated volume, radiomic characteristics or individual radiosensitivity. Based on these parameters, the...
Hepatocellular carcinoma - systemic treatment in 2024Review articles
Marián Liberko, Renata Soumarová
Onkologie. 2024:18(2):130-136 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.024
After years of stagnation since the introduction of sorafenib, the treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma have expanded significantly, especially in recent years. There are now several first-line treatment options (sorafenib, lenvatinib, atezolizumab + bevacizumab, tremelimumab + durvalumab) as well as more options in second-line treatment (regorafenib, cabozantinib, ramucirumab, pembrolizumab). Immunotherapy is increasingly making its way into the treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. This article aims to provide an overview of the current treatment options for this disease with a focus on the treatment of advanced stages in...
Skin care in oncology patientsReview articles
Linda Vavříková, Kateřina Libigerová, Renáta Kopová
Onkologie. 2024:18(2):125-129 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.023
Skin is the biggest organ that indicates internal diseases. Skin and mucous membrane manifestations can be initial symptoms during serious internal diseases. The number of patients living with cancer has increased, and this is the reason, why the skin deserves specific attention. Dermatologic symptoms are very different. We focus on adverse effects during cancer treatment and skin care.
Ruxolitinib in treating polycythemia vera: what is it that we do not know yet?Review articles
Petra Bělohlávková
Onkologie. 2024:18(2):121-124 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.022
Polycythemia vera (PV) is a frequent Ph-negative myeloproliferative disease where the primary therapeutic goals are to reduce and maintain haematocrit below 0.45 and to reduce the risk of developing thrombotic or haemorrhagic complications. Patients are classified into low-risk and high-risk categories according to age and a past thrombotic event. In low-risk patients, only venepuncture can be performed, but in the case of its infeasibility or a significant increase in leukocytes and thrombocytes or progression of splenomegaly, initiation of cytoreductive therapy is indicated. Cytoreductive therapy is always indicated for the treatment of high-risk...
The importance of the microbiome in hematooncology patientsMain topic
Lucie Dlouhá
Onkologie. 2024:18(2):116-120 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.021
The role of particular bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori in the etiology and pathogenesis of lymphoma has been well known, but in recent years the importance of the microbiome complex (made up of 1013 to 1018 microbes that inhabit the human body) has also become apparent. Its effect is mediated by the regulation of the immune system, either by direct action or through produced metabolites. Accumulating data suggest that the composition of the gut microbiota impacts a wide range of diseases, including cancer. Patients with hematological malignancies often show reduced species diversity and different microbiota composition...
Novel therapeutical strategies in diffuse large B-cell lymphomaMain topic
Prokop Vodička, Marek Trněný
Onkologie. 2024:18(2):109-115 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.020
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is a prototype of aggressive lymphomas. Until recently, the standard of care in the first-line setting has been the chemoimmunotherapeutic regimen R-CHOP (consisting of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) with a 60-70% chance of achieving long-term remission. The newly introduced Pola-R-CHP regimen (replacing vincristine by the antibody-drug conjugate polatuzumab vedotin) decreases the risk of DLBCL relapse and prolongs the progression-free survival of the patients. This regimen is being gradually implemented into a daily practice and is currently approved for patients with high-intermediate...
CAR T-lymphocytes in the treatment of non-Hodkgin's lymphoma: current perspectivesMain topic
Kamila Polgárová
Onkologie. 2024:18(2):103-108 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.019
T-lymphocytes with chimeric antigen receptor have been used in the therapy of refractory or relapsed B-non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in the Czech Republic for several years. In the context of the available data, their use is expanding - in the sense of indicated diagnoses and also moving to earlier therapeutic lines. Some products are already approved for use in the Czech Republic in the second treatment line for diffuse large cell lymphoma; data reflecting front line use are also available. The spectrum of diagnoses for which this therapy has been approved currently includes mantle cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma. Data from clinical trials and real-world...
Rituximab-venetoclax in the second line of treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a patient with TP53 mutationMain topic
Tereza Shokralla, Martin Špaček
Onkologie. 2024:18(2):98-102 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.018
Currently available data from clinical trials clearly demonstrate the benefit of targeted therapy over chemoimmunotherapy in the treatment of relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (R/R CLL). One of the predominantly used modalities of targeted therapy is the combination of the antiCD20 antibody rituximab and the BCL-2 antiapoptotic protein inhibitor venetoclax, whose efficacy and safety were confirmed in the Murano trial. The main advantages of this regimen are the time-limited therapy, the high percentage of long-lasting treatment responses and the high percentage of deep remissions at the measurable residual disease (MRD) level. In...
Current targeted therapy options in chronic lymphocytic leukemiaMain topic
Martin Špaček
Onkologie. 2024:18(2):92-97 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.017
The treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has undergone profound changes in the last decade with significant improvements in therapeutic outcomes and longer survival of patients with this disease. A major change has been the advent of targeted drugs, especially Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors (acalabrutinib, ibrutinib, zanubrutinib) and Bcl2 inhibitors (venetoclax). These small molecules have already practically replaced chemotherapy in routine practice, first in relapse setting and more recently in first-line treatment of CLL. The main advantages of targeted therapy include better tolerance to treatment and high efficacy, including in...
Novinky v onkogynekologiiEditorial
doc. MUDr. Igor Sirák, Ph.D.
Onkologie. 2024:18(1):3
Limberg flap reconstruction after basal cell carcinoma excisionCase report
Júlia Bartková, Dominika Miklišová, Miroslava Verbat, Ema Šutaková, Jana Bartošková, Iva Tresnerová, Břetislav Lipový
Onkologie. 2024:18(1):78-82 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.016
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin tumor in fair-skinned people with a constantly increasing worldwide incidence. Patients with BCC represent a great burden on the health care system, because of their high incidence, which constantly increases the costs of the provided health care. It is therefore very important to work on the continuous improvement of preventive programs dedicated to the issue and solving the growing problem of skin cancer.
Clear cell atypical fibroxanthoma in a patient with multiple keratinocytic carcinomas of the skinCase report
Vladimír Bartoš
Onkologie. 2024:18(1):74-77 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2024.015
Introduction: Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) is a rare mesenchymal skin tumor of unknown histogenesis and unclear biological behaviour. It is characterized by marked structural variability, which causes great diagnostic embarrassment during biopsy examination. Establishing a correct diagnosis can not be done without using a wide spectrum of immunohistochemical markers. Case report: A 79-year-old man with a history of multiple keratinocytic skin carcinomas noticed another lesion arising in the left cheek. It looked like basal cell carcinoma and was completely removed by surgical excision. The tumor consisted of a relatively circumscribed intradermal nodule...