Karcinom prostaty: integrace lokální, systémové a teranostické léčby v éře personalizované onkologieEditorial

doc. MUDr. Hana Študentová, Ph.D.

Onkologie. 2026:20(3):127

Myslíme u onkologických pacientů dostatečně na suplementaci magnéziem, kalciem a vitaminem D?Heard at a congress

MUDr. Zuzana Zafarová

Onkologie. 2026:20(3):192-194

Využíváme antiemetickou profylaxi v onkologii dostatečně?Heard at a congress

MUDr. Zuzana Zafarová

Onkologie. 2026:20(3):188-191

Naděje pro pacienty s pokročilým mCRC - fruchintinib jako účinná volba po více než roce klinických zkušenostíHeard at a congress

MUDr. Zuzana Zafarová

Onkologie. 2026:20(3):181-187

Malignant phyllodes tumor of the breast: clinical case and review of the literatureCase report

Zuzana Bielčiková, Barbora Englcová, David Erhart

Onkologie. 2026:20(3):176-180 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.032

Malignant phyllodes tumor (MPT) of the breast is a rare entity, typically characterized by an aggressive clinical course with rapid tumor growth. Surgery remains the only treatment modality firmly established in current therapeutic recommendations; however, achieving adequate surgical margins may be challenging in many cases. Neither adjuvant radiotherapy nor chemotherapy has been shown to improve overall survival, and their use is largely based on retrospective data. This article presents several case reports and summarizes the current knowledge regarding malignant phyllodes tumors and their management.

Immunohistochemical expression of DNA repair proteins and its association with treatment outcomes in laryngeal carcinomaCase report

Zdeňka Pechačová, Radka Lohynská, Zuzana Špůrková, Vratislav Šedivec, Marián Švajdler, Tereza Drbohlavová, Petra Tesařová, Miloslav Pála

Onkologie. 2026:20(3):169-175 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.031

Background: Radiotherapy represents a key treatment modality for laryngeal carcinoma. Proteins involved in DNA repair may influence tumour radiosensitivity as well as treatment outcomes and radiation-related toxicity. Patients and Methods: In 108 patients with laryngeal carcinoma treated with (chemo)radiotherapy, immunohistochemical expression of DNA repair proteins was assessed in pretreatment biopsy specimens and correlated with treatment outcomes. Results: Higher MRE11 expression was associated with early clinical stage (I-II) (p < 0.001), improved overall survival (p < 0.001), and longer progression-free survival (p = 0.025). Expression of...

Multidisciplinary collaboration in radioligand therapy of prostate cancerReview articles

Otakar Čapoun, Martin Matějů, Stanislav Hloušek, Vladimír Černý, Petr Hanuš, Iva Macová, Václav Ptáčník, Peter Papp, David Zogala

Onkologie. 2026:20(3):163-168 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.030

Radioligand therapy (RLT) targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) represents a significant advance in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. The implementation of this modality into clinical practice places high demands on appropriate patient selection, organizational support, and the safe delivery of treatment. This article summarizes the role of the multidisciplinary team (MDT) in PSMA-targeted RLT for prostate cancer and outlines the key responsibilities of individual specialists, including the clinical oncologist, urologist, nuclear medicine physician, radiologist, and specialized nurse. Particular attention...

Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, new treatmentsMain topic

Jan Dvořák, Renata Soumarová, Martin Palkovský

Onkologie. 2026:20(3):155-162 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.029

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies in men. In recent years, it has significantly expanded to include biological, or targeted therapy. Biological treatment includes mainly drugs that interfere with androgen signaling, therapy focused on specific molecular pathways and features. The aim of this article is to present recent developments in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer and to indicate possible future directions of development.

From detection to destruction: a theranostic approach to prostate cancerMain topic

Veronika Ičová, Libuše Quinn, Lenka Henzlová, Milan Kamínek

Onkologie. 2026:20(3):150-154 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.028

Theranostics represents a concept wherein the same or similar targeting molecules are used both for diagnostic imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy. In prostate cancer, it involves the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) whose expression correlates with how aggressive and advanced the disease is. The article summarizes the current diagnostic options using positron emission tomography with prostate-specific membrane antigen ligands (PSMA PET/CT) labelled with the radionuclides ⁶⁸Ga or ¹⁸F and radioligand therapy (RLT) using ¹⁷⁷Lu-PSMA-617 in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC)....

Intensification of systemic therapy in a patient with de novo metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancerMain topic

Pavel Vlček

Onkologie. 2026:20(3):146-149 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.027

The treatment landscape for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer has undergone significant shifts in recent years. The current standard of care has transitioned toward combination regimens integrating androgen deprivation therapy with androgen receptor signaling inhibitors, and potentially docetaxel-based chemotherapy. This intensified approach facilitates a delay in disease progression to the castration-resistant stage and significantly extends overall survival. The presented case report documents the clinical application of a "triplet therapy" (ADT, darolutamide, docetaxel) in a patient diagnosed with high-risk de novo metastatic prostate cancer.

Radiation therapy for advanced prostate cancerMain topic

Igor Richter, Josef Dvořák

Onkologie. 2026:20(3):141-145 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.026

Radiotherapy is an important treatment modalities for prostate cancer. It is most often used as the primary treatment of localized disease. Actually is discussed the role of radiotherapy in the treatment of advanced disease. The aim may be local irradiation of the prostate in the case of de novo diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer or local irradiation of metastases. Especially with the development of modern diagnostic methods, oligometastatic disease is being diagnosed. In these patients, targeted irradiation of metastases with a higher dose using stereotactic radiotherapy methods can be considered.

Diagnosis and treatment of biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after radical therapyMain topic

Otakar Čapoun

Onkologie. 2026:20(3):136-140 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.025

Biochemical recurrence (BCR) of prostate cancer represents a common clinical scenario after radical prostatectomy (RP) or radiotherapy (RT), with heterogeneous biological behavior ranging from indolent disease to rapid metastatic progression. Appropriate interpretation of BCR requires a precise definition according to the type of primary treatment, assessment of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) kinetics, and risk stratification. Positron emission tomography targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen enables localization of recurrence even at low PSA levels and significantly influences the selection and targeting of salvage treatment. In patients with...

Individualization of systemic treatment for advanced prostate cancerMain topic

Jana Katolická

Onkologie. 2026:20(3):130-135 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.024

Advanced prostate cancer represents a heterogeneous disease with diverse biological characteristics, clinical course, and treatment responses. In recent years, there has been a significant expansion of therapeutic options, which places increased demands on the individualization of treatment strategies. The aim of this article is to summarize the current options for systemic therapy of advanced prostate cancer and to emphasize the importance of a personalized approach based on clinical, laboratory, imaging, and molecular-genetic characteristics of both the patient and the tumor.

Když standardní léčba selhává: nová éra terapie PROCEditorial

doc. MUDr. Igor Sirák, Ph.D.

Onkologie. 2026:20(2):71

Skin toxicity in the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma with combination immunotherapyCase report

Věra Benešová

Onkologie. 2026:20(2):120-122 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.023

Malignant melanoma is an oncological disease whose incidence has continued to rise in recent years (24.6 cases per 100,000 inhabitants for the period 2018-2022). The disease ratio of both men and women is close to 1 : 1. Although the incidence of the disease is rising, mortality remains stable, mainly attributable to the early diagnosis of the disease (1). Even so, we see a finding of primarily metastatic melanoma, as well as a portion of patients despite early diagnosis and established treatment metastasizing. In my case report, I describe a case of treatment of primarily metastatic melanoma with combination immunotherapy, where significant skin toxicity...

Complete remission in a patient with locally advanced rectal cancer after total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT)Case report

Eva Skácelíková

Onkologie. 2026:20(2):117-119 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.022

Total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) for rectal cancer is a treatment procedure in which the patient undergoes complete oncological treatment, i.e., chemotherapy and radiotherapy, before surgery. The aim is to improve treatment outcomes in terms of longer overall survival (OS), prolong disease-free survival (DFS), and increase the number of patients who achieve complete remission (CR). In the case of low tumors, where the only possible surgical treatment would be rectal amputation and permanent stoma, a rectum-preserving procedure may also be chosen if CR is achieved.

Diabetes mellitus and neoplastic diseasesInterdisciplinary overviews

Andrea Křivanová

Onkologie. 2026:20(2):112-116 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.021

Diabetes mellitus and cancer are considered to be the 4th, the 2nd respectively, cause of death in developed countries worldwide. The incidence and prevalence has increased in the last decade and continues to grow further, it is estimated that about 8-18 % of patients suffer from both - diabetes and cancer. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that people with diabetes 2nd type are at significantly higher risc for many forms of cancer. In the text we comment on an association between diabetes and the risk of cancer, possible biological background of this relationship and the influence of antidiabetic therapy to cancer and also anticancer therapy to the...

FGFR3 inhibitors as a new targeted therapy for primary brain tumors? Review and case reportReview articles

Martin Palkovský, Štěpánka Hauserová, Renata Soumarová

Onkologie. 2026:20(2):107-111 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.020

Glioblastoma with FGFR3-TACC3 fusion represents a rare but biologically distinctive subgroup of IDH-wild type gliomas, for which preclinical and early clinical studies suggest potential sensitivity to FGFR inhibitors. However, systematic clinical evidence is still lacking and treatment is off-label. We present a summary of the published literature on erdafitinib in the treatment of gliomas with FGFR alterations and a case report of a patient with recurrent GBM who was started on erdafitinib after exhausting standard modalities. We monitor the clinical course, MR response, and toxicity. Literature sources suggest only limited therapeutic activity of...

Long-term disease control with third-line treatment using the combination of trifluridine-tipiracil and bevacizumab following a limited response to earlier lines of therapyReview articles

Marián Liberko

Onkologie. 2026:20(2):102-106 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.019

This case report describes a patient in whom initial treatment with immunotherapy followed by targeted therapy was associated with limited efficacy. Subsequent treatment with a combination of trifluridine-tipiracil and bevacizumab led to long-term disease stabilization with a satisfactory quality of life, with laboratory toxicity being the predominant side effect. At the same time, the results of the Sunlight registration study are discussed, including the effect of combination therapy within individual subgroups, along with real-world data confirming the clinically significant benefit of the treatment for previously treated patients with metastatic disease.

Leptomeningeal metastases of solid tumorsReview articles

Ondřej Lukáč, Roman Roziňák

Onkologie. 2026:20(2):98-101 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.018

Leptomeningeal metastases represent a serious complication of advanced stages of solid tumors, in which metastatic tumor cells infiltrate the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. This is a form of metastatic involvement of the central nervous system, which is characterized by varied symptoms and is associated with a very poor prognosis. The following text summarizes the available data and current recommendations regarding the diagnosis and treatment of this serious oncological complication.

Vorasidenib - a revolution in the treatment paradigm for low-grade gliomasReview articles

Martin Palkovský, Štěpánka Hauserová, Renata Soumarová

Onkologie. 2026:20(2):91-97 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.017

Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors in adults and are characterized by high intratumoral and interindividual heterogeneity. The latest WHO classification from 2021 divides glial tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) into two basic groups according to the presence or absence of mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) genes. Diffuse gliomas in adults with IDH mutations are further divided into astrocytomas grade 2, 3, or 4 and oligodendrogliomas with IDH mutations and 1p/19q codeletion grade 2 or 3. The product of mutated IDH genes, D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG), induces DNA hypermethylation and thus stimulates tumor...

Management of ocular adverse events in patients treated with mirvetuximab soravtansine - recommendations and monitoringMain topic

Bohdan Kousal

Onkologie. 2026:20(2):87-90 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.016

Mirvetuximab soravtansine, an antibody-drug conjugate, is associated with frequent ocular adverse events, primarily blurred vision, epithelial keratopathy, and microcystic changes of the cornea. These symptoms are generally mild to moderate and rever­sible but can affect patient comfort and continuity of therapy. Effective management includes preventive measures before treatment initiation, regular ophthalmologic monitoring, proactive topical therapy with lubricating and corticosteroid eye drops, and dose adjustments for more severe symptoms. Interdisciplinary collaboration between oncologists and ophthalmologists enables timely detection and intervention....

Beyond chemotherapy in ovarian cancer: mirvetuximab soravtansine and emerging therapiesMain topic

Daniel Krejčí

Onkologie. 2026:20(2):81-86 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.015

Ovarian cancer remains, despite advances in surgical and systemic treatment, a disease with a high risk of recurrence and an unfavourable prognosis, particularly in patients with platinum-resistant recurrent disease (PROC). In this setting, standard non-platinum chemotherapy has limited efficacy, underscoring the need for innovative therapeutic approaches. This article summarizes the current principles of ovarian cancer treatment and focuses on new therapeutic options, particularly in the treatment of PROC.

Folate receptor alpha (FRα) testing: a pathologist's perspectiveMain topic

Jitka Hausnerová

Onkologie. 2026:20(2):78-80 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.014

The development of targeted and personalised oncologic therapies has significantly increased the importance of predictive biomarkers in clinical practice. Pathological diagnostics, therefore, no longer serve solely to establish a histological diagnosis but increasingly provide information essential for selecting systemic treatment. One of the predictive biomarkers in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma is folate receptor alpha (FRα), whose expression is assessed by immunohistochemistry and is used to identify patients who may benefit from treatment with the antibody-drug conjugate mirvetuximab soravtansine. The aim of this article is to summarise...

Current approaches to diagnosis and primary surgical management of tubo-ovarial cancerMain topic

Anna Germanová

Onkologie. 2026:20(2):74-77 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.013

Ovarian cancer is one of the most serious gynecological malignancies, and despite advances in diagnostics and treatment, it remains a major cause of mortality among women. The disease is characterized by significant biological heterogeneity and is diagnosed at an advanced stage in most cases. This article summarizes current know­ledge regarding the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and primary treatment of tubo-ovarian cancer based on available clinical studies and recommendations from professional societies.

Terapie melanomu – Quo vadis?Editorial

doc. MUDr. Ondřej Kodet, Ph.D.

Onkologie. 2026:20(1):3

News from the American Society of Clinical Oncology GI 2026Information

Marián Liberko

Onkologie. 2026:20(1):64-66

In January 2026, the annual ASCO GI Congress was held in San Francisco. The aim of this communication is to present the latest developments in the treatment of patients with gastrointestinal tract tumors that were discussed at the congress.

The role of physical activity in oncology patientsInterdisciplinary overviews

Kateřina Kapounková, Pavlína Bazalová, Karolína Kapounková, Iva Hrnčiříková, Iva Burešová

Onkologie. 2026:20(1):58-63 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.010

Physical activity is one of the most scientifically supported non-pharmacological interventions in follow-up and supportive care in contemporary oncology. New meta-analyses and systematic reviews published between 2023 and 2025 confirm that regular physical activity significantly improves a wide range of clinically relevant parameters, including cancer-related fatigue, quality of life, mental well-being, muscle function, and cardiovascular fitness. At the same time, there is growing evidence of its influence on metabolic, hormonal, and immunological regulation, which may contribute to improved treatment tolerance and, in some cases, prognosis. The...

BRAF gene mutation in skin melanomasCase report

Vladimír Bartoš, Anna Farkašová, Katarína Janíková

Onkologie. 2026:20(1):54-57 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.009

The BRAF gene is a proto-oncogene located on chromosome 7, whose mutations (especially at position V600) are significantly involved in the carcinogenesis of cutaneous melanoma, as well as other malignancies in humans. They occur in 8% of all solid tumors and in approximately 40-50% of skin melanomas. Patients suffering from melanomas with BRAF mutations have a worse prognosis and differ from BRAF-wild forms in several features. The basis of successful targeted treatment of persons with advanced melanomas harboring BRAF mutation is a combination of specific BRAF and MEK inhibitors. In this study, we evaluated 60 primary skin...

Trifluridin/tipiracil in the treatment of metastatic adenocarcinoma of urachusCase report

Martin Palkovský, Renata Soumarová

Onkologie. 2026:20(1):50-53 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.008

This case report presents a very rare disease, adenocarcinoma of the urachus (approxi­mately 0.01 % of adult tumors, 1 % of bladder tumors) with unfavorable progression and generalization 5 years after radical surgery. Due to the rarity of this disease, there are no recommended procedures for neoadjuvant, adjuvant, or palliative systemic treatment, which is usually based on regimens containing 5-fluorouracil. The uniqueness of this case lies in the use of trifluridine/tipiracil in third-line systemic treatment, it appears to be one of the first experience with this drug in the treatment of metastatic urachal carcinoma. The treatment was well tolerated...