Karcinom prsu, epidemiologie, možnosti a novinky v diagnosticko léčebném programu

Jitka Abrahámová

Onkologie. 2020:14(4):139  

Epidemiology of breast neoplasms at the time of organized screening program in the Czech Republic

Lucie Pehalová, Denisa Krejčí, Ivana Svobodová, Ondřej Ngo, Ondřej Májek, Jan Mužík, Ladislav Dušek

Onkologie. 2020:14(4):142-147 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2020.056  

Malignant breast neoplasms are the most common cancer in women apart from non-melanoma skin cancer and thus represent a significant health burden on the Czech population. The aim of this study was to comprehensively describe the epidemiological situation of breast neoplasms in the Czech Republic with respect to the impact of organized mammary screening. The results of our analysis revealed that the greatest impact of organized screening is evident for the 45-69 age group. After the implementation of organized screening, incidence in this age group has stabilized and a significant decrease in mortality of 3.2 % each year was recorded (p < 0.001)....

Comprehensive treatment of early breast cancer

Vlastimila Čmejlová

Onkologie. 2020:14(4):148-156 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2020.057  

The aim of comprehensive treatment of breast cancer is the permanent cure of the patient and the elimination of micrometastases. Treatment includes surgery, systemic adjuvant / neoadjuvant treatment, and radiotherapy. Patients receive cytostatic treatment, targeted therapy, and/or hormonal therapy. Subsequently, radiotherapy is indicated according to the extent of surgery and definitive histological examination. Prior to initiation of therapy, histological verification and assessment of the extent of the disease must be performed with all basic predictive and prognostic factors determined. Assessment of the disease state by a multidisciplinary team...

The current position of proton radiotherapy in a comprehensive treatment of breast cancer

Barbora Ondrová, Andrea Pásztorová, Jiří Kubeš

Onkologie. 2020:14(4):157-161 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2020.058  

Adjuvant iradiation is frequently used for treatment of non-metastatic breast cancer patients. Althought photon irradiation improved local control and overal survival, its use could lead to unacceptable increas of cardiovascular toxicity or secondary cancer risk. Proton therapy due to its dosimetric advanatages compared to photon radioterapy decreases the integral dose, dose to organs at risk and at the same time allows optimal coverage of the treatment volume. This advantage is more evident in more complex volumes, like in cases where internal mammary nodes have to be irradiated, and in younger patients with left-sided breast cancer. Available early...

Male Breast Carcinoma - comparison of literary data with our own material and with data obtained from National onkological registry

Jitka Abrahámová, Denisa Malúšková, Jan Mužík

Onkologie. 2020:14(4):162-168 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2020.059  

Authors give revue of literature concerning epidemiologic, diagnostic and therapetic data of male breast cancer. These data are compared with those obtained from National oncological registry and with own material. Patients are diagnosed relatively late and their primary tumour is bagatelized very often. Authors proposed to concentrate patients with this unfrequent disease on top oncological amenities which are capable to arrange multidisciplinary care.

Male greast cancer - late dissemination into the skeleton

Jitka Abrahámová, Daniel Klika, Lucia Kaliská, Darja Šustrová

Onkologie. 2020:14(4):169-171 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2020.060  

The case report describes a case of a patient with male breast cancer diagnosed in the age of 49 years. The man underwent a surgery chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormonal therapy, acording the treatment standard in that time (Y 1996). 23 years later he developed pathological process in his skeleton. Authors describe very difficult way to the diagnosis of the skeletal metastatic breast cancer. They emphasize the posibility of very late dissemination of male breast cancer even in the absence of any risk faktors.

The possibilities of using new (direct) oral anticoagulants in oncology

Jana Hirmerová

Onkologie. 2020:14(4):172-177 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2020.061  

Venous thromboembolic events in oncologic patients are frequent and significantly worsen their prognosis. Low-molecular-weight heparin used to be a preferred option in prophylaxis and treatment of cancer associated thromboembolism. Recently, new evidence about efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in cancer patients have emerged. Updated guidelines suggest the use of rivaroxaban or apixaban in primary thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory patients starting chemotherapy provided they have no risk of bleeding and no risk of interaction with antitumor drugs. For the treatment of cancer associated thromboembolism, based on available evidence, edoxaban...

Options of precision medicine in clinical oncological practice

Stanislav John

Onkologie. 2020:14(4):178-181 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2020.062  

The complexity of oncological treatment has resulted in an effort towards high individualization and rational use. Indeed, advanced molecular analyses of tumour and non-tumour tissues are being used more increasingly and should help us achieve this individualization. Particularly in terms of newly introduced medicinal products in the form of targeted (biological) therapy and immunotherapy, some types of molecular test are even required. Sometimes, we can perform testing above and beyond our normal obligations and bring additional variants in the treatment algorithm of a cancer patient. So, what are the options of molecular analyses in clinical oncological...

News in the treatment of thyroid cancer - view of an endocrinologist

Petr Vlček

Onkologie. 2020:14(4):182-186 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2020.063  

Thyroid cancer is a rare tumor, occurring in about 1 % of the population. DTC treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach involving close collaboration between the endocrinologist, surgeon, pathologist, nuclear medicine specialist, and oncologist. DTCs are treated with surgical, radioactive iodine (RAI) and levothyroxine suppressive hormone therapy. Most patients with DTC have a very good prognosis. However, if the DTC becomes refractory to radioiodine, then the prognosis is poor. In recent years, the knowledge of genetics has been significantly applied in targeted systemic treatment in clinical practice. We now have the opportunity to influence...

Trauma-informed approach in palliative nursing care of oncology patients

Olga Klepáčková, Martina Černá

Onkologie. 2020:14(4):187-190 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2020.064  

Many oncology patients in the preterminal or terminal stage of their disease don´t suffer only by somatic symptoms or psychological issues related to their state of health and adaptation to this life situation. Sometimes long-term consequences of the past difficult or traumatic event, the impact of medical trauma and cancer-related posttraumatic stress disorder, or secondary losses due to their diagnosis and prognosis play a significant part in their current pain and suffering. These aspects may greatly affect not only their relationship and communication with nursing staff including nurses but also a course of the nursing care itself. The trauma-informed...