Editorial
Když standardní léčba selhává: nová éra terapie PROC
doc. MUDr. Igor Sirák, Ph.D.
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):71
Main topic
Current approaches to diagnosis and primary surgical management of tubo-ovarial cancer
Anna Germanová
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):74-77 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.013
Ovarian cancer is one of the most serious gynecological malignancies, and despite advances in diagnostics and treatment, it remains a major cause of mortality among women. The disease is characterized by significant biological heterogeneity and is diagnosed at an advanced stage in most cases. This article summarizes current knowledge regarding the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and primary treatment of tubo-ovarian cancer based on available clinical studies and recommendations from professional societies.
Folate receptor alpha (FRα) testing: a pathologist's perspective
Jitka Hausnerová
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):78-80 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.014
The development of targeted and personalised oncologic therapies has significantly increased the importance of predictive biomarkers in clinical practice. Pathological diagnostics, therefore, no longer serve solely to establish a histological diagnosis but increasingly provide information essential for selecting systemic treatment. One of the predictive biomarkers in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma is folate receptor alpha (FRα), whose expression is assessed by immunohistochemistry and is used to identify patients who may benefit from treatment with the antibody-drug conjugate mirvetuximab soravtansine. The aim of this article is to summarise...
Beyond chemotherapy in ovarian cancer: mirvetuximab soravtansine and emerging therapies
Daniel Krejčí
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):81-86 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.015
Ovarian cancer remains, despite advances in surgical and systemic treatment, a disease with a high risk of recurrence and an unfavourable prognosis, particularly in patients with platinum-resistant recurrent disease (PROC). In this setting, standard non-platinum chemotherapy has limited efficacy, underscoring the need for innovative therapeutic approaches. This article summarizes the current principles of ovarian cancer treatment and focuses on new therapeutic options, particularly in the treatment of PROC.
Management of ocular adverse events in patients treated with mirvetuximab soravtansine - recommendations and monitoring
Bohdan Kousal
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):87-90 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.016
Mirvetuximab soravtansine, an antibody-drug conjugate, is associated with frequent ocular adverse events, primarily blurred vision, epithelial keratopathy, and microcystic changes of the cornea. These symptoms are generally mild to moderate and reversible but can affect patient comfort and continuity of therapy. Effective management includes preventive measures before treatment initiation, regular ophthalmologic monitoring, proactive topical therapy with lubricating and corticosteroid eye drops, and dose adjustments for more severe symptoms. Interdisciplinary collaboration between oncologists and ophthalmologists enables timely detection and intervention....
Review articles
Vorasidenib - a revolution in the treatment paradigm for low-grade gliomas
Martin Palkovský, Štěpánka Hauserová, Renata Soumarová
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):91-97 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.017
Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors in adults and are characterized by high intratumoral and interindividual heterogeneity. The latest WHO classification from 2021 divides glial tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) into two basic groups according to the presence or absence of mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) genes. Diffuse gliomas in adults with IDH mutations are further divided into astrocytomas grade 2, 3, or 4 and oligodendrogliomas with IDH mutations and 1p/19q codeletion grade 2 or 3. The product of mutated IDH genes, D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG), induces DNA hypermethylation and thus stimulates tumor...
Leptomeningeal metastases of solid tumors
Ondřej Lukáč, Roman Roziňák
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):98-101 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.018
Leptomeningeal metastases represent a serious complication of advanced stages of solid tumors, in which metastatic tumor cells infiltrate the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. This is a form of metastatic involvement of the central nervous system, which is characterized by varied symptoms and is associated with a very poor prognosis. The following text summarizes the available data and current recommendations regarding the diagnosis and treatment of this serious oncological complication.
Long-term disease control with third-line treatment using the combination of trifluridine-tipiracil and bevacizumab following a limited response to earlier lines of therapy
Marián Liberko
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):102-106 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.019
This case report describes a patient in whom initial treatment with immunotherapy followed by targeted therapy was associated with limited efficacy. Subsequent treatment with a combination of trifluridine-tipiracil and bevacizumab led to long-term disease stabilization with a satisfactory quality of life, with laboratory toxicity being the predominant side effect. At the same time, the results of the Sunlight registration study are discussed, including the effect of combination therapy within individual subgroups, along with real-world data confirming the clinically significant benefit of the treatment for previously treated patients with metastatic disease.
FGFR3 inhibitors as a new targeted therapy for primary brain tumors? Review and case report
Martin Palkovský, Štěpánka Hauserová, Renata Soumarová
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):107-111 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.020
Glioblastoma with FGFR3-TACC3 fusion represents a rare but biologically distinctive subgroup of IDH-wild type gliomas, for which preclinical and early clinical studies suggest potential sensitivity to FGFR inhibitors. However, systematic clinical evidence is still lacking and treatment is off-label. We present a summary of the published literature on erdafitinib in the treatment of gliomas with FGFR alterations and a case report of a patient with recurrent GBM who was started on erdafitinib after exhausting standard modalities. We monitor the clinical course, MR response, and toxicity. Literature sources suggest only limited therapeutic activity of...
Interdisciplinary overviews
Diabetes mellitus and neoplastic diseases
Andrea Křivanová
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):112-116 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.021
Diabetes mellitus and cancer are considered to be the 4th, the 2nd respectively, cause of death in developed countries worldwide. The incidence and prevalence has increased in the last decade and continues to grow further, it is estimated that about 8-18 % of patients suffer from both - diabetes and cancer. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that people with diabetes 2nd type are at significantly higher risc for many forms of cancer. In the text we comment on an association between diabetes and the risk of cancer, possible biological background of this relationship and the influence of antidiabetic therapy to cancer and also anticancer therapy to the...
Case report
Complete remission in a patient with locally advanced rectal cancer after total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT)
Eva Skácelíková
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):117-119 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.022
Total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) for rectal cancer is a treatment procedure in which the patient undergoes complete oncological treatment, i.e., chemotherapy and radiotherapy, before surgery. The aim is to improve treatment outcomes in terms of longer overall survival (OS), prolong disease-free survival (DFS), and increase the number of patients who achieve complete remission (CR). In the case of low tumors, where the only possible surgical treatment would be rectal amputation and permanent stoma, a rectum-preserving procedure may also be chosen if CR is achieved.
Skin toxicity in the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma with combination immunotherapy
Věra Benešová
Onkologie. 2026:20(2):120-122 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2026.023
Malignant melanoma is an oncological disease whose incidence has continued to rise in recent years (24.6 cases per 100,000 inhabitants for the period 2018-2022). The disease ratio of both men and women is close to 1 : 1. Although the incidence of the disease is rising, mortality remains stable, mainly attributable to the early diagnosis of the disease (1). Even so, we see a finding of primarily metastatic melanoma, as well as a portion of patients despite early diagnosis and established treatment metastasizing. In my case report, I describe a case of treatment of primarily metastatic melanoma with combination immunotherapy, where significant skin toxicity...