Nutriční péče v onkologii

MUDr. Viktor Maňásek

Onkologie. 2021:15(1):3  

The diagnostics of malnutrition. Is it easy to recognize a patient in need of nutritional support?

Štěpán Tuček

Onkologie. 2021:15(1):5-7 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2021.001  

Malnutrition is common in oncology. It is a negative prognostic factor for the patients. It is necessary to be active in a search for malnutrition. The prevention and early intervention could be is easier than a treatment of a developed and well pronounced malnutrition. About a half of oncological patients are at the risk of malnutrition and need a support. A risk of malnutrition and a diagnosis of malnutrition is not the same. The nutritional support is a part of a comprehensive cancer care. However more visible the malnutrition risks and disadvantages have become over the past years, it still lies beyond the awareness of many specialists. The nutritional...

Nutritional and anticancer therapy in cancer patients with low muscle mass

Viktor Maňásek, Kamil Bezděk

Onkologie. 2021:15(1):9-14 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2021.002  

The loss of muscle mass is a phenomenon encountered relatively frequently in oncology. Not only the total weight, but also the composition of body mass (muscle and adipose tissue) has a major influence on the effectiveness of anticancer treatment and its toxicity. Various anticancer drugs have different effects on muscle metabolism. We summarize not only the actions of cytostatics and targeted therapies, but also modern immuno-oncological treatment. First of all, the link between body composition and anticancer activity. Basic recommendations for nutrition procedures in patients with low muscle mass are summarised.

Parenteral nutrition in oncology

Kamil Bezděk, Viktor Maňásek

Onkologie. 2021:15(1):15-20 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2021.003  

A cancer patient is at risk of malnutrition due to the disease itself as well as its management. Malnutrition and weight loss significantly affect the survival rate as well as (particularly in association with protein depletion) physical capacity, postoperative complications, and toxicity of chemotherapy. All modalities of nutritional intervention are used in managing malnutrition: dietary guidance; administration of agents with anticatabolic and anti-inflammatory potential; oral nutritional supplements (sip feeds); and enteral and parenteral nutrition. Physical activity is an integral component of the treatment as well. Parenteral nutrition, i.e....

(Un)safe diets with oncology patiens

Věra Andrášková, Hana Žďárská

Onkologie. 2021:15(1):21-24 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2021.004  

Due to the oncological disease, there occur changes in the metabolism of nutrients, their use in the body changing the requirements to cover nutritional needs. The natural consequence is an increase in the demand for the composition of the diet and the choice of food as a primary source of nutrients. Patients and their families seek for information available on dietary recommendations from unverified sources that are inconsistent with the current expert advice. From the specifications of diets, it is already possible to detect risks for the patient, such as a development of malnutrition or directly tumour cachexia. An example of a one-day diet provides...

Cutaneous complications in patients with malignant tumours

Miroslav Důra

Onkologie. 2021:15(1):25-29 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2021.005  

Skin changes play an important role in the course of anticancer therapy and in the dispensarisation of the patients with malignant tumours. The article briefly discusses the cutaneous complications in these patients. The text summarizes the risk of development of another primary cutaneous malignant tumour, the development of cutaneous or subcutaneous metastases and carcinomatous lymphadenopathy, cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes, the adverse effects of the anticancer therapy and finally the cutaneous complications related to the disease progression. Particular attention is devoted to the specific types of cutaneous metastases, to the obligatory paraneoplastic...

The importance of physical activity and rehabilitation in patients with colorectal cancer

Dávid Líška, Zuzana Pupišová

Onkologie. 2021:15(1):30-34 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2021.006  

Colorectal cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide. In addition to genetic factors, lifestyle factors and environmental risk factors also have a significant influence on the development of colorectal cancer. Physical activity and exercise play an important role in prevention. The link between the protective and therapeutic benefits of exercise and cancer can be explained by several mechanisms, including inflammation, metabolic dysregulation, the influence of myokines and the SPARC protein. Several types of exercise can be used in the treatment of colorectal cancer due to the improvement of function and symptoms, such as aerobic...

Treatment of non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer

Ivo Kocák

Onkologie. 2021:15(1):35-39  

Men with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with short doubling time PSA are at risk for early disease progression. Results of new clinical studies with antiandrogens II. generations such as apalutamide, enzalutamide, darolutamide have been shown to delay the onset of metastatic disease and prolong survival in these patients.

Even a patient with BRAF-mutated malignant melanoma has a chance for long-term survival

Antónia Kislanová, Milan Kohoutek

Onkologie. 2021:15(1):40-42 | DOI: 10.36290/xon.2021.008  

Malignant melanoma is an aggressive tumour with a rising incidence and an incidence shift to younger age categories. In the presence of metastases, it has for years been associated with a very rapid, dismal prognosis (1). Not even oncological therapeutic procedures (chemotherapy) could prolong the median survival by more than 6-9 months. The discovery of the BRAF V600 mutation in 2002 was a breakthrough in the understanding of the aetiology of malignant melanoma. In the case of skin melanoma, a BRAF mutation is detected in 40-60 % of all cases, portending a worse prognosis for the patient (2).